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Different approaches have been investigated, which make use of patient-derived autologous T cells to treat a variety of malignancies.

On the other hand, T cells themselves can be considered as therapeutics in their own right. On the one hand, therapeutic proteins like recombinant IL2 or immune checkpoint inhibitors may activate tumor-specific CD8 + cytotoxic T lymphocytes, thus facilitating the killing of malignant cells in vivo. The recent success of immunotherapy in the oncology field has highlighted the important role the immune system plays in controlling tumor growth. These data suggest that future therapeutic strategies based on autologous T cells may require the potentiation of tumor-homing and survival properties of cancer-specific T cells. The incomplete activity was associated with a failure of injected T cells to survive in vivo, as only a very limited amount of T cells was found in tumor or secondary lymphoid organs 72 h after injection. However, AH1-specific T cells failed to induce complete regressions of established tumors. After the expansion process, T cells efficiently killed antigen-positive tumor cells in vitro and demonstrated tumor growth inhibition in two syngeneic murine models of cancer. We were able to isolate and expand this rare population of T cells to numbers suitable for therapy experiments in mice (i.e., up to 30 × 10 6 cells/mouse). To gain more insights in this matter, we used naturally occurring T cells recognizing a retroviral peptide (AH1), which is endogenous in many tumor cell lines of BALB/c origin and which serves as potent tumor rejection antigen.

It is not known, however, whether a set of T cells with a single antigen specificity may be sufficient for an effective therapy.

The expansion of a polyclonal and polyspecific population of tumor-reactive T cells, with a subsequent infusion into the same donor patient, has been implemented, sometimes with positive results. There is a growing interest in the use of patient-derived T cells for the treatment of various types of malignancies.